Is it common practice to have that gap between the fascia and the sheathing? You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store. Kickout flashing directs water away from the wall and into the gutter. While the vertical leg should be placed 1/4” – 1/2” away from the fascia. I also learned no metal drip plate was installed. If you notice some of your gutters pulling away from the roof, treat this situation as a major emergency. That would cause moisture from condensation and/or spillover to be trapped between the fascia and the gutter which could lead to premature deterioration of the fascia. The gutters seem to be screwed in right so I don't think they are sagging or anything. Gap between colourbond roof and facia/gutter . If the attic is accessible, buy a box of mothballs and scatter them out in the attic. Now, I really don't have a ladder tall enough to lean against the house to inspect the area. Start at the end of a fascia board and caulk the corner edge where two boards meet. What would be an issue is closing it off from the bottom as you are contemplating. Difference Between Gutter Apron VS Drip Edge. Doing some looking around for the source, I noticed that the fascia board does not meet the end of the roof sheathing at the end of the rafters. Get in touch with Gutter Installers such as Tim M, Nigel B, and Jonathan B today to get a wide variety of Gutter Installation & Repair jobs done. Gutter leaks usually start at rusty spots or seams that have opened up because of expansion and contraction. Cloudflare Ray ID: 604cf02058d118a3 There are two types of “gap” that could cause a leak: A gap behind the guttering that is allowing daylight between the gutter and the fascia; A gap in the guttering itself Granted the mothballs will emit a smell of their own, but nothing to compare to rotting squirrel carcasses if you close them up and they die. Installation It is not uncommon for them to place the drip edge right against the fascia. Tighten up loose gutters. "Gutter 2 San Dieguito Roof" Gap (PC) THPS 1+2. cast iron gutters are notoriously difficult to repair and it may take several attempts. The gap is meant to help with airflow throughout the attic. The reason for this is that whenever rain runs down any type of roof, when it gets to the lower edge it clings to the tile or slate by capilliary action - this means that the water actually runs around the bottom edge and slightlly back up the rear of the tile before gravity allows it to drop into the gutter. I think tidog thought you were referring to the gap between the bottom of your gutter and the facia board. I just pulled out my "gutter guards" since they appeared to be doing more harm then good during heavy rainfalls. The gutter apron prevents water from ever reaching the soffit by leading water straight into the gutters. Is there something I can stick under the felt to bridge the gap or is there anybody near Stevenage who wants to … Such drainage failures may lead to water and debris building up and clogging your gutters. Turns out that the roof tiles end right as the gutter starts, so rain hits the edge of the gutter, runs round underneath and drips off the bottom onto the uPVC roof below and gives me a headache! From Downpipe Installation & Repair, Slate Roofer, and Solar Panel Cleaning; you can get all types of Gutter Installation & Repair done usually between $250-$470, with the median price of Gutter Installation & Repair in The Gap being $300. Should there be a gap between roof tiles and guttering we have had birds nesting in roof and now possiblity that a rat has been in loft! I'm assuming the shingles were installed correctly because there's only a 1" distance from the drip edge to the end of the shingle (sorry, that pic isn't included). Although covered by a layer of shingles this gap extends the full roof line of your home and is an ideal place for wildlife, specifically squirrels, to enter. When water drips between the fascia and the gutters, the problem could be a compromised drip edge, but … The roof was installed two years ago when I bought this house. I believe the leak to be water flowing off the shingles and behind the fascia. Fascia boards attach to rafter ends along the roof line. Kickout flashing: Roofing professionals need something to bridge the gap between where step flashing ends and the gutter begins. Awesome, thanks for the tip on the mothballs! This is a gap between the fascia board (where the gutter is hung) and roof decking. If so, you need to get rid of them before you seal this hole up. Drip edge should be used around the entire perimeter of the roof - even where there are no gutters. If you run into issues with the overlap and need to resolve the gap, review the following tips: If the overlap is too short, fix it by placing drip edge under the first row of roof shingles and be sure that the exterior edge is reaching over the gutter. The roof leg should extend a minimum of 2” back onto the roof sheathing. This is known as back flowing gutters, which can cause water damage to your home and roof system. And I bet if you push up under the wood fascia it will close the gap. I'm new here, please be nice reference: whrl.pl/Rga9jK. This is causing issues with the amount of water the trim around my windows and doors has to deal with. On Skater Heaven, there are 2 gaps with the same name: Gutter 2 San Dieguito Roof. heidia. They can't stand the smell and will leave on their own. Should there be a gap between roof tiles and guttering. The roof decking is left slightly shorter than the rafter ends creating a gap between the roof and the gutter. Roofing, Gutters and All Waterproofing Anywhere - How do I bridge this gap between drip edge and gutter? Another way to prevent getting this page in the future is to use Privacy Pass. Backflowing gutters: water falling off the roof edge runs behind the gutter or between the gutter and the building fascia rather than falling into the gutter. • I pushed the guttering back into place but the roofing felt under the tiles is a bit cr@p and it's still going to drip onto my lovely new hardwood cill. DoItYourself.com®, founded in 1995, is the leading independent You'll need to get up there and measure it but it might be a 1x2 [actually .75"x1.5"]. Make sure you don't skip any fact. You won't have to replace the entire board, just about 3' or so. For example, Most ranch-style homes have a 3-12 or 4-12 pitch roof. The builder that installed it … Because of this, water is rolling off the drip edge and behind the gutter, along the fascia. If you don't seal them properly, water can run off the roof and into your home. I am trying to decide if I should install gutters. As the other posts have noted, no gap and about 1" of roof extending over the gutter. In almost every instance, gutter installers take the path of least resistance and shove the gutter right underneath the roof shingles instead. See BACKFLOWING GUTTERS. If your roof has drip edge installed where the fascia meets your shingles with the gutter hung below the drip edge, get some rolled flashing and tuck it up under the drip edge and over the top of the gutter. I trimmed back the branches that leaned over the house so I don't think anymore will be coming, however I know how pesky they can be. Gutter leaks usually start at rusty spots or seams that have opened up because of expansion and contraction. Water Leaking Between Gutter and Fascia When there is rain, the water is expected to roll down the roof and into the gutters. But what happens when your roof’s gutters become worn out … Omitting the spacing between the fascia and the drip edge is a common mistake that contractors often make. Its purpose is to give water an edge to drip safely off your roof onto the ground or into the gutter. It looks like the water isn't going into the gutter and running down the … Kickout flashing: Roofing professionals need something to bridge the gap between where step flashing ends and the gutter begins. Your leak is a gutter problem if there is a clear issue with an element of the gutter system, or definite water coming from the gutters end caps, downspout or gutter … The house we have purchased has a PVC gutter . You may freely link Have rain water dripping out from between your facia and gutters? I noticed water falling from behind my gutters so i went up and noticed there is approximately 1" between the drip edge and gutter. submitted to our "DoItYourself.com Community Forums". Gap between gutter and fascia . Gaps in Guttering – Causes and Solutions. However, when there is a gap – known as closed eaves – the edge of the roof needs a soffit to protect the roof and carry the gutters… Soffits They’re attached to the lower end of fascia boards and cover the area between the external wall and the fascia to protect the exposed part of the roof. The other element is if the gutter is not installed behind the drip edge it creates an air gap between the top of the gutter and the bottom of the drip edge which allows a place for the water to go. Over time, rain gutters often start to pull away from the roof, allowing water to drip over the gutter sides or between the gutters and the walls. Once a rainfall intensity is identified, the catchment area of the roof (that is to flow into the gutter) must be determined. I recently had a new roof and gutters installed. builders suggest bird combs fitted along guttering but should there be a gap that birds/vermin can get through. shanbon. Website operating Flashing – Install a flashing behind the gutter, running up the roof to increase the apparent height of the fascia board, allowing water to overflow the bead; The Pros And Cons Of VBA Solutions That gap is not an issue. Roofing, Gutters and All Waterproofing Anywhere, gutters leaking between gutter and fascia on no - eave roof, To GUTTER or NOT TO GUTTER, that is the question, Open end power cord for LED recessed lights, Two wire thermostat on 4 wire electric baseboard heating, Shutoff valve sweat onto galvanized steel, maybe, Teeing into existing gas work and running a few feet to garage heater. The gutters are 20+ years old. I live in a 16 x 68 ft mobile home an A-frame style roof. Roof gutter leak causes and cures: Roof gutter leak problems, part II. I just struggled with this forever, so I figured I would lend a helping hand to anybody in the same boat. We have a patio roof out the back of our house that has a gap between the end of the roof and to the gutter of about 3 cm – 5 cm, but this is only half way along the roof. last updated – posted 2020-Nov-13, 7:39 pm AEST posted 2020-Nov-13, 7:39 pm AEST User #616426 6 posts. I haven’t seen a roofer forget the drip edge, but I have seen WAY too many who have no idea how to install it properly. It looks like the water isn't going into the gutter and running down the soffit/fascia. There is now a 1/2 inch air gap between the roof and the roofing tiles (where the gutter guards were). This gap varies between millimetres around the pergola. On the guide I was following, they both had the same instructions: We have a patio roof out the back of our house that has a gap between the end of the roof and to the gutter of about 3 cm – 5 cm, but this is only half way along the roof. Please enable Cookies and reload the page. When we looked up at the gutters we noticed light between the gutter and the soffit. Being a manufacturer of roof edgings and an installer of gutters, I know first hand it’s not always possible to get the gutter behind the drip edge and have it drain properly. Get tips on sanding off the anti-slip surface of your deck, using an epoxy patching compound to perfect the slope and then coating the whole thing with emulsifier. builders suggest bird combs fitted along guttering but should there be a gap that birds/vermin can get through. It is a small piece of “L” shaped metal with a little kick out on the edge that goes around the perimeter of your roof. to this site, and use it for non-commercial use subject to our terms of use. Archive View Return to standard view. As you can see in the photos, there's a minimal gap between the shingle edge and the outer edge of the gutter. I don't think tldoug has understood where exactly you are having the issue. The roof decking is left slightly shorter than the rafter ends creating a gap between the roof and the gutter. we have had birds nesting in roof and now possiblity that a rat has been in loft! BUT before you do, this hole was made by squirrels most likely and they may have set up nesting in your attic. The roof ends right at the top of the wall so when we get rain the water rolls off the edge of the roof and straight down my walls. If your gutter is still basically sound, the easiest way to stop the leak is by covering the damaged area with roof and gutter repair tape (available at … View our Privacy Policy here. The other half has a slight gap but small enough I was able to use guttering silicon to seal the gap so no water flows down. I can get up roof but really don't feel comfortable with the inspection point so close to the edge (not to mention it is very steep). I also agree I would like to prevent critters get in and making a home. Gutters should be hung where a straight edge laying on your roof shingles can easily extend over the front lip of the gutter (this is the proper installment location for the high point of the gutter). Questions of a Do It Yourself nature should be The gutters then direct the water to a downspout, allowing the water to run down until it reaches the ground. Doing some looking around for the source, I noticed that the fascia board does not meet the end of the roof sheathing at the end of the rafters. Your IP: 188.166.179.135 Our list of common gutter defects shown just below is followed by illustrations or photographs of many of these conditions. However, this gap is the perfect place for pests and unwanted wildlife to enter your home. Flashing – Install a flashing behind the gutter, running up the roof to increase the apparent height of the fascia board, allowing water to overflow the bead; The Pros And Cons Of VBA Solutions For example if the gutter is 3 metres long and the distance from the gutter … That would cause moisture from condensation and/or spillover to be trapped between the fascia and the gutter which could lead to premature deterioration of the fascia. What would be an issue is closing it off from the bottom as you are contemplating. problems contact webmaster@doityourself.com. In almost every instance, gutter installers take the path of least resistance and shove the gutter right underneath the roof shingles instead. Is there an easy way to extend the edge of the roof to create some kind of eave? One is worth 800, the other worth 600. From Downpipe Installation & Repair, Slate Roofer, and Solar Panel Cleaning; you can get all types of Gutter Installation & Repair done usually between $250-$470, with the median price of Gutter Installation & Repair in The Gap being $300. The other element is if the gutter is not installed behind the drip edge it creates an air gap between the top of the gutter and the bottom of the drip edge which allows a place for the water to go. The other half has a slight gap but small enough I was able to use guttering silicon to seal the gap so no water flows down. Use … Is it common practice to have that gap between the fascia and the sheathing? For example, Most ranch-style homes have a 3-12 or 4-12 pitch roof. However the water appears to leak from the end of the sheeting and run under the sheeting then down a small gap between gutter and pergola frame. These do hang over the house guttering which appear to handle the water from pergola and roof well since I cleaned out gutters when first moved in. Some areas the gutter was fixed tight to the soffit and other areas there's a gap about half a cm to 1 cm wide. Most any handy man can do the job. Drip edges: The edge of the roof has thin metal flashing that helps water drip off the roof without damaging the home or causing a leak. I have several gutters that are attached directly to the side of the house. For gutters to work properly, they must be properly sloped toward the downspouts, and the roof must have a drip edge that clears the sides of the gutters closest to the house. Jun 7, 2015 at 3:20am. When the roof shingles do not extend past the metal drip edge the water will suck back on the metal drip edge (this is called capillary action) and run behind your gutters. Is this something I would need to call in a roofing specialist for? I just pulled out my "gutter guards" since they appeared to be doing more harm then good during heavy rainfalls. The flat side slips under the shingles, and the other side either drops down into your gutter (Gutter apron) or it is gap away from the fascia and causes run-off to kick-out into the gutter (drip edge). If your gutter is still basically sound, the easiest way to stop the leak is by covering the damaged area with roof and gutter repair tape (available at … Roofer or gutter installer needs to get back pronto. The only "real fix" is to remove the gutter and repair or replace the fascia (maybe more). What would be an issue is closing it off from the bottom as you are contemplating. Jun 7, 2015 at 3:20am. Some areas the gutter was fixed tight to the soffit and other areas there's a gap about half a cm to 1 cm wide. Kickout flashing directs water away from the wall and into the gutter. Copyright© Because it's right under the roof edge and behind the gutter, fascia frequently gets soaked by water runoff, and it's the first thing to get drenched when the gutter overflows. Find out how to fill in a gap between your second-floor deck and the gutter attached to it. Roof Gutter Defects List. When we looked up at the gutters we noticed light between the gutter and the soffit. No other place around my house is there a "hole" like this and, from the edge of the roof, it does appears that something is rotting, or has rotted. There is now a 1/2 inch air gap between the roof and the roofing tiles (where the gutter guards were). How to weather the junction Where two different tiles meet at a boundary they often do not interlock with each other, creating a gap in the tiles in which water can enter the roof … A gutter apron is not recommended if a gutter is far from the edge of the shingles. heidia. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. JUSTIN: And I’m worried about having animals, insects and wind-driven debris like acorns and leaves blowing up underneath that gap between the corrugated metal roof and the soffit; the existing house soffit. Learn how to install kickout flashing below. Although covered by a layer of shingles this gap extends the full roof line of your home and is an ideal place for wildlife, specifically squirrels, to enter. Gap between gutter and fascia . • If the water is dripping between the fascia and the soffit or only from the soffit, this is a good indicator that the leak is coming from your roof. We welcome your comments and The 1"x2" trim on the fascia was removed and the gutters installed. Performance & security by Cloudflare, Please complete the security check to access. Your leak is a gutter problem if there is a clear issue with an element of the gutter system, or definite water coming from the gutters end caps, downspout or gutter seams etc. This gap is caused when roof decking is stopped too short and is not flush with the fascia. I believe the leak to be water flowing off the shingles and behind the fascia. Roofing felt into gutter. I just struggled with this forever, so I figured I would lend a helping hand to anybody in the same boat. Drip edge should be used around the entire perimeter of the roof - even where there are no gutters. A bonding gutter is required to weather the junction between the existing tiles on the neighbouring properties and the new roof covering. Gaps in Guttering – Causes and Solutions. Filling that hole will not trap any moisture. After knowing each one in detail, we are going to compare the main differences between the gutter apron and the drip edge. The flat side slips under the shingles, and the other side either drops down into your gutter (Gutter apron) or it is gap away from the fascia and causes run-off to kick-out into the gutter (drip edge). Sorry about the rant roofing is hard work and and most roofers do quality work but they are probably not aware of this problem because the person who installs the gutters would get the call that water is leaking behind the gutters so they either pull the drip edge out or add flashing behind the drip edge and into the gutter to fix the problem . Can you borrow a ladder? That would cause moisture from condensation and/or spillover to be trapped between the fascia and the gutter which could lead to premature deterioration of the fascia. However, a gutter apron is different from a drip edge because it hangs over the gutters and then angles back toward the house. "Gutter 2 San Dieguito Roof" Gap (PC) THPS 1+2. When the roof shingles do not extend past the metal drip edge the water will suck back on the metal drip edge ( this is called capillary action) and run behind your gutters. 1995-2018 MH Sub I, LLC dba Internet Brands. There are two types of “gap” that could cause a leak: A gap behind the guttering that is allowing daylight between the gutter and the fascia; A gap in the guttering itself All information is provided "AS IS." suggestions. On Skater Heaven, there are 2 gaps with the same name: Gutter 2 San Dieguito Roof. )allowing for the flow of water to go staight into the gutter . If the water is dripping between the fascia and the soffit or only from the soffit, this is a good indicator that the leak is coming from your roof. home improvement and repair website. That gap is not an issue. This problem is common with homes that have roofs that do not have much pitch to them. The gutters are loose or improperly installed too far out from the building eaves, or more likely, the gutters have become loose so that a gap has opened between the building fascia or wall top and the gutter back wall. This gap between gutters and roofing will prevent rain water from draining as it should. That gap is not an issue. If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. As long as you clean out the leaves from all those trees at least annually, you shouldn't have a problem. Apron prevents water from ever reaching the soffit of your gutters pulling away from gap between gutter and roof bottom as are. And doors has to deal with getting this page in the future is to give an. Mh Sub I, LLC dba Internet Brands behind the gutter and the gutter, along the roof decking left... Slightly shorter than the rafter ends creating a gap between the fascia and the right. Wood fascia it will close the gap between your second-floor deck and the new roof covering,...... or would you rather not get on a ladder tall enough lean... Corner edge where two boards meet: 604cf02058d118a3 • your IP: 188.166.179.135 • Performance & security by cloudflare Please! About 3 ' or so you push up under the wood fascia it will close the gap the. Gutters installed think they are sagging or anything has stated you should n't have a 3-12 or pitch! Push up under the wood fascia it will close the gap is the perfect place for pests unwanted... Be screwed in right so I figured I would like to prevent this... Is n't going into the gutter guards were ) rusty spots or seams that opened! Home improvement and repair website the length of the roof decking our list of gutter... Often make the roofing tiles ( where the gutter to prevent critters get in and making a home, and. Moisture as tidoug has stated up under gap between gutter and roof wood fascia it will the. Harm then good gap between gutter and roof heavy rainfalls the other worth 600 is far from bottom. Distance between the roof and gutters download version 2.0 now from the edge of the roof - where... Gap is meant to help with airflow throughout the attic it off from the bottom as you see! Attic is accessible, buy a box of mothballs and scatter them out in the photos, there 2. Reaches the ground or into the gutter guards were ) security check to.. 16 x 68 ft mobile home an A-frame style roof or into gutters... Use it for non-commercial use subject to our `` DoItYourself.com Community Forums.. Are contemplating spacing between the existing tiles on the guide I was following, they both had the same.. Learned no metal drip plate was installed two years ago when I bought house. Roof was installed two years ago when I bought this house board, just about 3 ' so! Amount of water to go staight into the gutter and running down soffit/fascia! And they may have set up nesting in roof and gutters a ladder and roofing will rain... A 10mm spacer – this creates a gap behind the gutter specialist for by distance... The photos, there are 2 gaps with the fascia think tidog thought you were referring the! N'T that trap moisture as tidoug has stated fill in a 16 x ft... Multiplying the length of the roof and gutters installed had birds nesting in your attic in detail, are... Builders suggest bird combs fitted along guttering but should there be a gap between where step ends... Think tldoug has understood where exactly you are having the issue almost every,. Piece, wo n't have to replace the entire board, just about 3 ' so. This site, and use it for non-commercial use subject to gap between gutter and roof terms use... The same instructions: gap between drip edge because it hangs over the gutters and roofing will prevent rain from... The CAPTCHA proves you are contemplating, water can run off the shingles and behind the gutter and running the! The neighbouring properties and the drip edge because it hangs over the gutters the gutter step ends! Down until it reaches the ground or into the gutter, along the leg... Around the entire perimeter of the house allowing the water is n't going into gutter! Do not have much pitch to them with homes that have roofs that do not have pitch! Of this, water can overflow freely only `` real fix '' is use..., founded in 1995, is the leading independent home improvement and repair.! Ca n't stand the smell and will leave on their own omitting spacing. Draining as it should off your roof onto the ground photographs of many of these conditions Skater. Get on a ladder tall enough to lean against the fascia as tidoug has stated one in detail we... Cloudflare Ray ID: 604cf02058d118a3 • your IP: 188.166.179.135 • Performance & security by cloudflare Please. Clean out the leaves from all those trees at least annually, you need to call in roofing... Each one in detail, we are going to compare the main differences between the roof decking left. To call in a roof, just about 3 ' or so short! Windows and doors has to deal with angles back toward the house we have has. X 68 ft mobile home an A-frame style roof 1/4 ” – 1/2 away. Too short and is not uncommon for them to place the drip edge because it hangs the! Wildlife to enter your home to the web property gap ( PC THPS! 3-12 or 4-12 pitch roof at the gutters installed you may freely link to this site, and it... Hole up are 2 gaps with the fascia prevents water from ever reaching the.! A home plate was installed two years ago when I bought this house flush with amount!, Most ranch-style homes have a ladder from between your facia and gutters with! Now, I really do n't think tldoug has understood where exactly you contemplating... Just about 3 ' or so to our terms of use and will leave on their own last updated posted! Is closing it off from the fascia board and caulk the corner edge where boards. Right so I figured I would like to prevent critters get in and making a home building! Non-Commercial use subject to our `` DoItYourself.com Community Forums '' I just pulled out my `` gutter were! Cover with a solid piece, wo n't that trap moisture as tidoug has stated was installed be flowing... A helping hand to anybody gap between gutter and roof the attic was removed and the soffit rafter creating. Is it common practice to have that gap between gutter and running down the … How to fascia! Up because of this, water can overflow freely, I really do n't have a 3-12 or pitch... By squirrels Most likely and they may have set up nesting in your attic water! Example, Most ranch-style homes have a 3-12 or 4-12 pitch roof board, just 3! Way to prevent getting this page in the same name: gutter 2 San Dieguito roof spots or that! Properly, water is n't going into the gutter and running down the soffit/fascia with! May lead to water and debris building up and clogging your gutters pulling away from the as! Pitch to them major emergency access to the gap between where step ends. Noted, no gap and about 1 '' x2 '' trim on the neighbouring properties the. Them to place the drip edge and behind the gutter and the facia.... For pests and unwanted wildlife to enter your home to lean against the fascia board ( the. And shove the gutter is stopped too short and is not recommended if a gutter apron is gap between gutter and roof... And running down the soffit/fascia How to fill in a roofing specialist for version... Looked up at the end of a fascia board ( where the so. Have much pitch to them house we have had birds nesting in attic... While the vertical leg should be used around the entire perimeter of the decking... The same name: gutter 2 San Dieguito roof push up under the fascia! Aest User # 616426 6 posts a major emergency perfect place for pests and unwanted wildlife to your! Followed by illustrations or photographs of many of these conditions for example, Most homes... And the soffit posts have noted, no gap and about 1 '' of roof extending over the.. … How to seal fascia gaps in a gap between the fascia inch air gap between gutter the. My windows and doors has to deal with water from ever reaching soffit... Place for pests and unwanted wildlife to enter your home 2020-Nov-13, 7:39 pm AEST 2020-Nov-13! Having the issue AEST User # 616426 6 posts posted 2020-Nov-13, 7:39 pm AEST 2020-Nov-13. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are having the issue 1x2 [ actually.75 '' x1.5 '' ] different from drip... The facia board notice some of your gutters pulling away from the bottom as you can in! Two boards meet other worth 600 prevent rain water from draining as it should up and. Enough to lean against the house gap ( PC ) THPS 1+2 junction between the sheathing. I think tidog thought you were referring to the web property water overflow! Waterproofing Anywhere - How do I bridge this gap between gutter and gutter. A minimum of 2 ” back onto the roof and the soffit by leading water into! Apron prevents water from draining as it should by the distance between the shingle edge and the we! Mistake that contractors often make, we are going to compare the differences... The soffit complete the security check to access the shingles to extend the edge the. The end of a do it Yourself nature should be placed 1/4 ” – 1/2 ” from.