The Imperial Powers are faced with this problem in the East today; it will be in Africa, the West Indies and everywhere else tomorrow. That is not the case. So it is with the Burmese people, and it is a shocking thing in my estimation deliberately to give offence to the Burmese people by designating one of their honoured men as a traitor. Friend the Member for Farnham (Mr. Nicholson). We are also helping Burma over military equipment and training, and we secure the right of landing on Burmese airfields. Member tell us who the man was? They are trying, in some way or another, by federation, or by some sort of union, to amalgamate these restless peoples with the home country. The material conception of trying to own the world is false today; it cannot last and stand the test of man. I do most earnestly beg my hon. If this matter is to be settled—and it can be settled, given goodwill on both sides, by give and take—. May I recall to the House that we had to fight a bitter and bloody war in South Africa, but at last we extended the hand of friendship to two of the greatest builders of this Empire, General Botha and General Smuts, and it would ill become us to refer to the bloodshed in South Africa in connection with them after they had been received at Buckingham Palace. There are one or two questions which were addressed to me with which I should like to deal. [3], The Prime Minister also provided Parliament with an overview of the historic relationship between the United Kingdom and Burma. We shall loyally and wholeheartedly carry out our obligations of friendship and good will towards that country. Share Description. Provision is made for the repayment over a period of years of £27 million due to us, and of the amounts received by Burma for the sale of surplus stores. I therefore ask them to cast their minds forward to that date. commended to one by one's right hon. I would not say that the Burmese Government have behaved in the wisest possible manner over it. We get him both ways. But both meant death and mutilation for millions. Another 15 or 20 years of partial self-government, which was what those of us who met at the Burma I noticed the House, including hon. Friends' deep sense of responsibility. Member confident, that Burma will be able to maintain the freedom about which the Party opposite have been rejoicing so much today? So I cannot join with the hon. This is the bleat which we have heard from the other side of the House ever since this Government has been in power. Member for Aston, or any other hon. I do not think it is fair to say that because Burma was invaded by the Japanese we went out to defend Burma from the Japanese. Geo. Even in connection with the commercial arrangements the right hon. At this moment, as there had been no Question before the House, you, 'Mr. Burma is a nation which has never lost its nationhood. The Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities (EC) – the collective term for the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC) – took effect on 1 January 1973. He spoke about the Burmese leader who, when our fortunes were lowest joined the Japanese and fought against us, and then when the Japanese fortunes began to fade joined us and fought against the Japanese? Member or a party, we should charge them with irresponsibility. Because of that, I realise that much of this idea of conquest has been a farce; there has been no reality in it. 1915 They fall under three heads. Member will be good enough to sit down and listen to what I have to say, he will see what I mean. They are propounding a theory which is in direct conflict with the views which they put on platforms here. Marshal Badoglio was an Italian who fought for his country when war was declared by the Government of the country, and at a certain stage, when the tyranny of Mussolini was overthrown, in which he took a part, he came over to our side. I ask why we should be ashamed of it, when other States are increasing their empires? They deserve the highest praise for the treaty they have made with Burma and for the arrangements they have made leading up to that treaty. That has been worked for for some years, the difference being on the question of whether or not for a period of time, Burma should or should not be within the Empire. He is creating a background, and, therefore, is in Order, They do not understand civilisation. Is that going to happen in Burma? I am glad that the hon. …if the hon. Friend the Leader But I do not feel that I have any responsibility for the consequences. I have already in this House paid a tribute to those leaders. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Independence, Aung San, and Burma after World War II. The hon. the other day—the Anglo-Burman community, like the Karens, with no safeguards whatever, will face a grave and difficult time. Whatever there will be when we leave Burma, it will not be a nice pleasant constitutional democracy of the British type. Of course, it will not. As the hon. It is much too long and detailed to read, but I have gone to considerable trouble to make a résumé of the salient points, and I hope that in fairness to these people—who, after all, are British subjects—the House will bear with me while I read this short extract: What did my right hon. It is that the I would dispute that, but it is beyond dispute that the heady wine of democracy, if carried too quickly to untrained heads in Asia, must have results which are very different from the results which Members of the Government Front Bench would like to see come into operation. Civil war in India has been averted. I hope that the Government will think that they are responsible for that man, who fought right through the war for us, and left his house, his car, his silver, his furniture and everything else at a few hours' notice. We should feel just as much sorrow and anxiety if those Can the Indians govern? Member can give me evidence that there has been a change in the position of the Anglo-Burman community on this matter, I will certainly look into it. I think that the Burmese Government have made a profound mistake, but we have to get rid, now and for always, of the idea that we always know better what is good for for other people than they think they know themselves. 1932 There are grave doubts that the assent of the frontier tribes has been honestly and genuinely given. These Boards were to report to the Board of Trade and have equal representation from trades unions and employers alongside independent experts. VI, Ch. They do not seem able to allow their children to stand on their own feet. and learned Gentleman one or two questions. Those conditions have occurred. Juli 1947 erließ die Labour-Regierung in London den Indian Independence Act. Gentleman who got up and made what he, no doubt, thought was a very effective attack upon my right hon. Much as I agree with him, I still think he must say what in his opinion we ought to do now. Gentlemen opposite have been saying and writing things which brought the handling of the British Commonwealth and of Imperial problems by this country into disrepute in the East. I remember the hon. Burma Independence Act, 1947 (11 Geo. We are prepared to accept the moral responsibility for our decisions, and we consider our decisions are in keeping with the highest principles of British politics, and that the freedom which we Is he completely convinced in his heart that Burma in its present condition, with its inexperience in leadership and everything else, will be able to maintain its independence as a nation in view of the expanding influences and ambitions of other great and powerful nations? Rangoon was a great, handsome city; and of all the beautiful sights in the world, perhaps the most beautiful was to see the sun setting over the Shwe Dagon Pagoda on that is the Burmese Premier— Every time he has stated a fact he has misstated it wherever possible. I have been most impressed by what the hon. As for the tribes, what else could they do? 1875 We will give Burma the full choice of self-determination with a full realisation of what that may entail, even though the choice may be made in a way which we think is disastrous to Burma, and which we may not like.". He said that Burma was taking over British interests without compensation, and that is quite untrue. There is a certain captain I know who ran a steamer on the Irrawaddy carrying troops, petrol and other supplies. Friend brought forward. It may be a subject for ridicule, but I think that when we are dealing with a rather serious matter, these little points should not be made. Government, with regard to this Bill, on Imperialistic and moral grounds. Will the hon. To revert to the right hon. I believe in Empire in the right sense. This great stroke that has been announced today by the Prime Minister is one of the greatest triumphs of this House of Commons. I have listened with very great care to all the speeches made from the opposite benches. Even if I had any doubts because it is some years since I was in Burma, they would be entirely resolved by the knowledge, which has been mentioned already, that the Government has the solid support of the British community, who are most directly concerned with the future of Burma. We had the further duty of seeing to it that minorities for whom we had a special responsibility were given due position under the new Constitution and were safeguarded in their rights. Gentleman complaining about? We should have allowed a reasonable time under Dominion status to elapse before coming to this irrevocable decision, but above all we should have restored law and order and put the country on its feet. By it, the British Parliament will be adding one more free and independent nation to the number on this earth. The best answer to that is that the Prime Minister and most of his colleagues were murdered in cold blood a few weeks ago possibly by one of the men who came over to this country to negotiate the treaty back in the spring. The second test is this—our responsibility for British interests. We agree to provide and contribute to the cost of a Military Mission, and Burma undertakes not to receive a Military Mission from any other country. and right hon. On a point of Order. Despite the length of time I have been in this House, I have been to almost every African country. The same question has arisen in India. Burma goes forward as an independent country, but in friendship, and may that friendship deepen and ripen in course of time not only into more friendship for both lands, but into an example to the world. Member for Swindon raised another point, the place which Burma has in the economy not only of the Far East but also of Europe. What does that mean? 1950 Only a very small minority of Karens in the Delta do not agree with the arrangements which have been made. Although the treaty takes Burma out of the Commonwealth, in fact it leaves her practically in the Commonwealth. One knows that their attitude has been taken not only after very full consideration of the facts of the situation but because both those hon. It is true that no treaty is likely to be of any value to British interests unless we are convinced that those who signed the treaty with us not only intend to carry it out but are capable of doing so. It is the acid test of the future relationship in commerce between Burma and the outside world. Members opposite, whose minds are not fixed in the moulds of the 19th century, see this growing purpose in exactly that light. If the right hon. Meanwhile, the more vital forces of the Burmese people were organised in the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League under the leadership of U Aung San. Will the hon. It is all very well for hon. The first of the points I am going to make is in itself an answer to any suggestion which may be made by the Prime Minister or anybody else that the present Bill is being brought in at a time when those conditions are fulfilled. In fact, far from expropriating British oil interests, the present Burmese Government have given the oil undertakings every encouragement to get the oil wells functioning again. If that is the lesson drawn from events in the last few weeks, it baffles the imagination of man to know how it could have been drawn. If that does not prove that, at any rate, in those days, that was their idea, I do not know what does. But when we said that we would give Burma the chance of self-determination as to her future, we had to be prepared for a decision to be taken on these Unes. So far dreadful things have occurred. The state did not officially describe itself as the Republic of Ireland until 1949, when it passed legislation giving itself that description. We are now beginning a third phase, which may take many forms. Since when should we rejoice because the strength and unity of the Empire is less than it was before? Share Description. The third question I wish to ask is that, if, as may unhappily be the case, there is before Burma a period of anarchy and internal misery, will His Majesty's Government show any remorse, as they have, apparently, shown no remorse about producing the conditions which have resulted in the terrible suffering and atrocities in what was once British India? We have had a most interesting Debate on this very important Bill a Debate which has, I think, done credit to the House, although very strong views have been expressed on both sides. Ne Win’s stated purpose was to make Burma a truly socialist state. woman in Burma, then we are indeed deluding ourselves. The problem with regard to the Karens has been satisfactorily settled, no doubt to the right hon. No one can say, least of all the hon. 1920 As the House knows, under the leadership of the late U Aung San, a movement was set on foot by which the independent forces of Burma jointed up and took their share with the Allies in expelling the Japanese. 1945 Appendix II-Burma Independence Act, 1947. Gentlemen opposite asked why we did not rejoice because here was a people being liberated? Gentleman was winding up, just as I am winding up this Debate. I am sure there are many Englishmen who will consider him a traitor, but do not forget that it is Burma we are discussing today, and the Burmese people considered him a patriot. But surely, we, too, have a right to give the hand of friendship and cooperation to those who are loyal to us, even if according to Burmese standards they were wrong? The House will remember that in the case of the Indian civil servants a special fund was to be created to guarantee to those civil servants their pensions in the future, after About 12,000 murders and dacoities or armed robberies are reported to have taken place in the first seven months of this year and this is only a prelude—. Can anyone with a sense of responsibility, and with the example of India before them, take this step in that light-hearted way shown by hon. They have decided unanimously in their Constituent Assembly that they want to start their independence outside the British Commonwealth ab initio, and not after a period of "due course"—whatever that may be. I welcome this Bill and I congratulate the Government on the speed with which they have terminated these negotiations. Friend the Secretary for Overseas Trade attended the Panglong Conference at which representatives of ministerial Burma and of the hill tribes met together, and rendered very valuable service in bringing them together. It is disgraceful to compare America with this situation. They both voluntarily said, "Please may we become Dominions of the British Commonwealth?" MEMBER: "And by the right hon. Gentleman says will be used as was used in the case of India, with the same extensions he put on to that formula when the Indian Mission was sent out, eliminating the—"—[OFFICIAL REPORT, 20th December, 1946; Vol. He individually is a humane man, but he is in the position of the signalman who has made a fatal mistake rather than that of the murderer who has placed an obstruction on the line. I put it to my hon. I have not interrupted any hon. There was danger of widespread disorders, many strikes, dacoity, and the rest. There are a number of alternative names for Northern Ireland. When, therefore, after due consideration the elected representatives of the people of Burma chose independence, it was, I believe, the duty of His Majesty's Government to take the necessary steps to implement this decision. Having held down the country for an indefinite period, could we then say, "We have reached the stage now at which we can depart in peace, with goodwill, your love and your affection"? They insisted on it, and I hope they will make a success of it. Friend the Member for Woodford has made a wholly irresponsible speech. That is the difference of opinion. 1846 Like all these amateur politicians, as I call them, they look at things exclusively from their own national point of view. Friend the Leader of the Opposition quoted, which the hon. The countries in the East, especially since the war, are getting more and more restless, and more and more nationalistic in their outlook. The first evidence of Homo sapiens is dated to about 25,000 BP with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar. I only dwell on these things because it is the same Government saying the same thing today in regard to Burma. When I vote with the Government tonight I shall be registering my opinion that that is true of the present provisional government of Burma, men who are likely to be the Government of Burma in the future. He has been criticised today because he is considered by the Government not to be constructive and to be irresponsible. 1908 Therefore, I do ask the Government, even at this late hour, to do what they can—and I shall make a definite appeal at the end of my speech—effectively to look after the interests of the Anglo-Burman community. 1866 It provides as follows: They know quite well that it is not going to be beneficial. To reduce tensions between the Arabs and Jews in Palestine the paper called for a limitation of Jewish immigration to the economic capacity of the country to absorb new arrivals. The spirit of nationalism which has been growing up in South-East Asia had come to a head in Burma, and nothing would content the people but almost immediate independence. I should like here to bear testimony to the very great services rendered by Sir Hubert both in administration and in securing the co-operation of the Burmese people. HC Deb 5 November 1947 vol 443 cc1836-9611836, Burma independence documents from the Burma Library. Why should not Anglo-Burmans be given the right of one delegation? the consciences of the principal actors in this tragedy. 1855 They are quite entitled to say that. My right hon. Of the many tribes included in Burma, only one-third are in Burma geographically and ethnologically, and two-thirds are outside, and have a different loyalty either to China or Siam. 1871 1929 What has happened? When they turn to us and say, "We fear all this may happen"—in fact every hon. We wash our hands of the whole thing." Some 16 months ago I criticised the Government because I thought that they did not realise that fact. In a case like this, I think that the British people under any Government—I do not care to what side it belongs—is moved rather by instinct than by reason. As I have said, I shall quite understand if they cannot vote for the Bill, and if they say to the Government, "It is your show and your responsibility; you have the power. Other parts of the world are not at the same stage of growth, and because of that we must accept the fact that in their fight towards democracy there may well be some of that violence we suffered, when we were fighting our way up. Does His Majesty's Government approve of what is being done to Anglo-Burmans? I think that if the hon. Member for Aston made an attack upon my right hon. Member for Woodford (Mr. Churchill) of what a genuine Tory faith in Empire really means. They concern the spiritual and moral aspect of the matter which, as the Minister for Economic Affairs said the other day, ought to form part of all the transactions of this House. I am sorry if I misrepresented him, but he did say, "I feel no shame and no responsibility for it." Most countries in the world, even in Europe, have made a mess of democracy and cannot work it. Independence Act Of 1947. Even so, will the Government at this late hour receive a deputation? What did General Smuts say when he came over here and was asked why he was fighting on the side of the nation which had defeated him. After two or three years of desperately hard fighting, under climatic conditions and conditions of disease indescribably painful to British troops—two or three years of a struggle swinging to and fro, sometimes with most anxious crises, at length the balance turned in our favour. I really must cavil at this comparison between U Aung San and Marshal Badoglio. When Members opposite appear so complacent about this, and when the hon. The right hon. If I may carry the war into the enemy's camp—and I hope I did not catch the right hon. He served as the 5th Premier of the British Crown Colony of Burma from 1946 to 1947. Nothwithstanding this, Members opposite say that we must accelerate self-government. I believe that this Government are taking a terrible responsibility. U Aung San went over to the Japanese, and raised what we might call a Quisling army to come in at the tail of the Japanese and help conquer the country for Japan. That Burma did not … Each realm functions as an independent co-equal kingdom from the other realms. Although it may be perfectly true that it has brought material benefits, it has also had very harmful effects, in some ways, on the Burmese social system, which the Burmese themselves were inclined to resent. Gentleman's father to take over control of Burma said that annexation and direct rule of that country was unnecessary, and that, a protectorate would have sufficed just as well, or a treaty arrangement of the kind which we had with Nepal. Or they turn round to us and say, "What is your constructive alternative?" Is he complaining at the desire of the people to rule themselves in the way they wish? of capital owned by their citizens. Someone might have had a deportation order made against him, but he cannot get out of it by subsequently opting for a different nationality. He said that we had reached the third stage of the Empire; that the loss of our American colonies marked the end of the first Empire; that at the present moment by giving independence to India and Burma we have reached the second Empire, and that the third Empire is something towards which we are working. As stated by my hon. Member said nothing about the deplorable record of one of the so-called statesmen of Burma who has subsequently been assassinated. The noble Lord based his main case against the Bill upon the fact—and he quoted the right hon. of the Opposition for making what they are pleased; to describe as a reactionary speech of the 8o's and 90's, but there are moral questions which Leftists in these days have to answer as well as those on the Right, as to whether the ultimate results of what they advocate, of what they no doubt earnestly believe in, are quite as moral as they suppose, and whether the so-called reactionaries on some moral questions, as well as on many practical questions, may not, after all, be right. 1857 Nearly 12,000 crimes, mostly of violence, were committed in Burma between January and July. enough to condemn them. He wants to stamp on them and keep them down by force. We, at least, will not be compromised or disgraced by taking part in them, or denied the opportunity of pointing the moral to the British nation as and when occasion may occur. [5], The Leader of the Opposition, Winston Churchill delivered a scathing attack on the United Kingdom government's handling of the question of Burma. I wish them the best of fortune in overcoming their difficult economic situation, in restoring law and order, in ridding the country of dacoity and in building stability and happiness for their people. in the hope that it will be possible by then, if not before, to establish conditions in which a General Election can be held and a Government established… Gentlemen opposite and turn round and say "We fear this may happen, but we wash our hands, it has nothing whatever to do with us.". Inhalt und Bewertung. There is precedent for it. I must repeat what I said on a previous occasion when I spoke on the Burma Bill, that I defy anyone to deny the essential truth that: The third category is that of the rehabilitation claims, arising out of the destruction that was carried out. I need not, I hope, remind the House that there is no such thing as the people of Burma; there are races and different peoples of Burma. I challenge his Parliamentary colleagues opposite to state whether, in fact, they are prepared to support the right hon Member for Woodford and to go into the Lobby against this Bill. It cannot be resisted. Latest News from. Those have been covered, I think. I do not suppose I should be called that today. Member will now get to Burma very quickly. We must stand by our word, and that is my first argument in favour of voting for this Bill. I say that, in its heart, the party opposite is ashamed of the story of the British Empire, and actually rejoices, in some curious sanctimonious sense of happiness and relief, when the grand alliance is weakened by the defection or withdrawal of one of its units. It is all very well for my hon. is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan.The Act received the Royal Assent on 18 July 1947 and thus India and Pakistan, comprising West (modern day Pakistan) and East (modern day Bangladesh) regions, came into being on 15 August. I was not talking about America; I am talking about Burma. being highly satisfactory to us, will prove highly satisfactory to Burma. tion in British courts in respect of divorces already pronounced in Burma. Gentleman said that he did not feel responsible for the outrages, murders and pillage which have taken place since. Then there are the claims which arise from the scorched earth policy, carried out at the orders of the military chiefs who were in charge of the country during the retreat from Burma, to deny to the Japanese plant and machinery so that they could not use them against us. A military-controlled one-party (Burma Socialist Programme Party [BSPP]) system was established. Although, as I have said, it is a matter of keen regret that Burma should be leaving the Commonwealth, it is a source of great satisfaction to us all that the negotiations have been conducted in a spirit of the utmost good will and cooperation. Member for Farnham, supported the Government's policy in India. Appeals to the Privy Council from Burma have always been very few, and as far as we can ascertain, there are no legal proceedings pending against the Secretary of State. Person, who want independence practically in the grip of terrorism as it was that i to. Recently by the Government achieved the settlement in India and, therefore, nothing! Only suggestion we could get from the opposite side speak as if the hon interrupted! Which will certainly hearten all the aphorisms of Gladstonian Liberalism have proved to be that. 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